Vitamin D from sunlight in Dunedin
Dunedin sits at 45.87°S, 21 m above sea level. Between 17 April and 4 September the midday sun never climbs high enough for your skin to make vitamin D at all — 141 days of the year.
How long do you need outside?
Month by month in Dunedin
At solar noon, for skin type III with arms and legs exposed.
| Month | Sun height | UV index | 1000 IU in | Burns after |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 65.3° | 9.0 | 11 min | 26 min |
| February | 56.9° | 7.8 | 13 min | 30 min |
| March | 46.3° | 5.7 | 18 min | 41 min |
| April | 34.4° | 3.2 | 35 min | 72 min |
| May | 25.3° | 1.6 | no synthesis | 142 min |
| June | 20.8° | 1.0 | no synthesis | 228 min |
| July | 22.6° | 1.2 | no synthesis | 198 min |
| August | 30.0° | 2.1 | no synthesis | 110 min |
| September | 41.0° | 3.9 | 29 min | 60 min |
| October | 52.6° | 6.1 | 17 min | 39 min |
| November | 62.6° | 7.9 | 13 min | 29 min |
| December | 67.4° | 8.9 | 11 min | 26 min |
When during the day?
Vitamin D-effective UV by month and hour, in Pacific/Auckland local time (daylight saving included). Darker cells mean faster synthesis.
| Month | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | |||||||
| Feb | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
| Mar | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||
| Apr | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||
| May | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Jun | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Jul | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Aug | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Sep | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Oct | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||
| Nov | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| Dec | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
none strongest
Best time in January: around 13:30 local time.
How much skin matters more than how much time
In January, at solar noon, for skin type III:
| Exposed | Body surface | 1000 IU in | 30 minutes gives |
|---|---|---|---|
| Face and hands | 5% | not reachable | 547 IU |
| Face, hands and forearms | 10% | 27 min | 1,094 IU |
| Face, hands, arms and legs | 25% | 11 min | 2,735 IU |
| Swimwear | 80% | 3 min | 8,751 IU |
Exposing more skin gets you there faster, but it also burns faster. See how long before you burn in Dunedin →
Note the first row. With only face and hands exposed, 1000 IU is not reachable at any duration: vitamin D synthesis saturates, so the previtamin D3 in your skin converts to inactive products as fast as it forms. Past that ceiling, extra time adds sunburn risk and no more vitamin D. Exposing more skin briefly beats exposing less skin for longer.
Other cities in New Zealand
Assumptions
- Clear sky. Every figure is an upper bound. Cloud can cut UVB by more than half, and these numbers do not model it.
- Direct exposure. Glass blocks UVB almost completely, so sunlight through a window produces no vitamin D. Sunscreen and clothing block it too.
- A healthy adult. Age, body composition, medication and existing vitamin D status all change the real answer.
- Ozone is modelled, not measured. Column ozone comes from a smooth climatology, so day-to-day variation is not captured.