Solar panel angle in Hamburg
In Hamburg, fixed panels collect the most energy over a year tilted 43° from horizontal and facing south. But anything between 35° and 55° is within 2% of the best, so the pitch you already have is probably fine.
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Every roof, scored
Percentage of the maximum possible annual yield, for each combination of orientation and pitch in Hamburg.
| Roof faces | 0° | 15° | 30° | 45° | 60° | 90° |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South | 78% | 91% | 98% | 100% | 96% | 74% |
| South-east / south-west | 78% | 87% | 91% | 91% | 87% | 68% |
| East / west | 78% | 77% | 74% | 70% | 64% | 50% |
| North-east / north-west | 78% | 67% | 55% | 45% | 38% | 30% |
| North | 78% | 63% | 47% | 34% | 24% | 20% |
Why "tilt equals your latitude" is wrong here
The rule of thumb says tilt your panels at your latitude — 54° for Hamburg. The real optimum is 43°, 11° lower than the rule suggests.
Two reasons, both geometric. Summer days are much longer than winter ones, so the year's energy is weighted toward a higher sun than the annual average. And a low winter sun sends its light through a long slant of atmosphere, arriving weak — tilting to catch it costs more in summer than it wins in winter.
In fairness to the rule: following it here would cost you only 1.4%. It is wrong, but it is not expensive.
Seasonal angles
If you can adjust your panels twice a year, these are the angles to use. Most people should not bother — the gain is small and the ladder is real.
| Setting | Tilt | Facing |
|---|---|---|
| Fixed, all year | 43° | south |
| Summer | 25° | south |
| Winter | 72° | south |
| Flat on the ground | 0° | — |
A flat installation here keeps 78% of the maximum; mounted vertically on a wall, 74%.
Other cities in Germany
Assumptions
- These are angles and percentages, never kilowatt-hours. Optimal angles are driven by geometry and are robust. Absolute energy output depends on measured irradiance, cloud, soiling and hardware, none of which are modelled here.
- Clear sky, no shading. Trees, chimneys, neighbouring buildings and terrain are ignored, and they can dominate everything on this page.
- Fixed panels. Trackers follow the sun and change the answer entirely.
- Ordinary ground. Reflectance is taken as 0.2, typical for grass and soil. Snow reflects far more and favours steeper tilts.